вЂњThere has been a great deal of recent interest in the connection between nervous system function and the complex bacteria that are found in the gastrointestinal system, known as theВ gut microbiome. Preliminary clinical trials aimed at modulating the gut microbiota in MS patients are underway and may prove to be a promising and lower-risk treatment option in the future.вЂќ Animal studies present compelling evidence that the gut microbiome plays a significant role in the progression of demyelinating disease, and that modulation of the microbiome can lead to either exacerbation or amelioration of symptoms. A growing body of evidence has implicated the human gut microbiome in a range of disorders, including obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases, and cardiovascular disease. The gut microbiome has been shown to have profound effects on the development and maintenance of immune system in both animal models and in humans. Studies examining this bacterial content have shown wide variations in which species are present between individuals. The human gut microbiome contains a subset of thousands of bacterial species, with up to 1014В total bacteria. вЂњThe gut microbiome is made up of a wide range of (chiefly) bacterial species that colonize the small and large intestine. DOI: 10.1007/s1194-7Д¬linical trials aimed at modulating the gut microbiota (the microbes that live in the body вЂ“ especially in the gut) in MS patients are currently being done and may prove to be an effective, safe way to treat Multiple Sclerosis infection. The Gut Microbiome in Multiple SclerosisД¬urrent Treatment Options in Neurology. and Canada, reported significantly altered gut flora in pediatric MS patients.вЂќД¤. вЂ¦ 10 academic researcher centers across the U.S. вЂњMS researchers are focusing on the content of the gutвЂ™s microbiome as a possible contributor to the bodyвЂ™s autoimmune attack on its nervous system. Could Multiple Sclerosis Begin in the Gut? In contrast, infection with certain parasites such as helminthes (Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, Enterobius vermicularis) appears to protect against the development or exacerbation of MSвЂ¦ A complex interaction between the CNS (including the blood-brain barrier), multiple infections with various infectious agents (occurring in the periphery or within the CNS), and the immune response to those various infections may have to be deciphered before the etiology of MS can be fully understood.вЂќДЈ. Evidence, from studies with humans and animal models, supporting the association of these various pathogens with the development and/or exacerbation of MS will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation. Pathogens associated with the development or exacerbation of MS include bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the Staphylococcus aureus-produced enterotoxins that function as superantigens, viruses of the herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families and the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii. Infectious pathogens are the likely environmental factors involved in the development ofMultiple Sclerosis infection. вЂњAlthough the etiology of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental factors play a role. This study states that вЂњinfectious pathogens (disease causing microbes) are the likely environmental factors involved in the development of MS.вЂќ It also identifies various microbes that are involved in the development of Multiple Sclerosis infection, which include various bacteria, parasites and viruses. вЂ¦ We show that the commensal gut floraвЂ¦ is essential in triggering immune processes, leading to a relapsing-remitting autoimmune diseaseвЂ¦вЂњДў. вЂ¦ The stimuli triggering this autoimmune conversion have been commonly attributed to environmental factors, in particular microbial infection. вЂњActive multiple sclerosis lesions show inflammatory changes suggestive of a combined attack by autoreactive T and B lymphocytes against brain white matter. This study shows that microbes that live in the body (in particular the GI tract) are an essential factor in triggering the autoimmune response in MS and other diseases. Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination. Could Multiple Sclerosis be caused by infection? These studies and articles offer compelling evidence.

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